Tatiana Stankova (1)*, Veselka Gyuleva (1), Emil Popov (1), Krasimira Petkova (2),
Dimitar N. Dimitrov (1), Vasil Biserkov (2), Ekaterina Andonova (1),
and Penka Stefanova (1)

1. Forest Research Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 132 Kliment Ochridski Blvd.,
1756 Sofia, Bulgaria. *E-mail: tatianastankova@yahoo.com
2. University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ochridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of genotype, spacing, age
and harvesting cycle on the woody biomass production from coppiced plants of the black poplar
hybrids (Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier) ‘Agathe F’ and ‘Guardi’. The experiment was
carried out in a Nelder wheel trial plantation with 11 nearly-square spacings, ranging from 1.0
to 11.5 m2 and data collection took place at the end of the 2nd, 4th and 5th year from plantation
establishment. Spacing significantly affected dendromass production in both clones and all harvesting
cycles considered. The individual plant biomass generally increased with spacing, but
growth approached saturation at the lowest densities for the plants of clone ‘Agathe F’. Comparable
dendromass amounts were recorded for both clones after 1 and after 3 years of shoot
growth, and marginally significant genotype effect was found for the 4-year-period of dendromass
production, when the plants of ‘Guardi’ attained higher biomass yields. No significant effect of the
harvesting cycle was distinguished within 3-year production period, the accumulated amounts of
1- and 2-year-old shoots yielding similar quantities to those of 3-year-old sprouts for both clones.
The black poplar hybrids did not differ significantly in the number of sprouts produced at any of
the investigated ages. The shoot number increased with growing space and with stump age, the
influence of age being obscured only at the highest planting densities. The plants of clone ‘Agathe
F’ showed substantial growth decline in the 5th year from plantation establishment due to
worsen environmental conditions and biotic pests, while clone ‘Guardi’ proved higher suitability
for cultivation as a short rotation crop under Mediterranean climate, because of its steady growth
even at worsen site conditions. Under unfavourable alterations in the water availability and without
additional irrigation, coppiced plantations of ‘Guardi’ would produce above 4 Mg/ha/year dry
dendromass, if cultivated on light arable Fluvisols.

Aah Ahmad Almulqu (1),(2)*, Noulkamol Arpornpong (3), and Jaruntorn Boonyanuphap (3)

1. Graduate School of Naresuan University, University of Naresuan, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
*Email: ahmadalmulqu@yahoo.com
2. Department of Forest Management, Kupang State Polytechnic for Agricultural, East Nusa
Tenggara, Indonesia.
3. Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok,
Thailand.

In this study, we developed allometric equations for approximating tree biomass components
in dry forests in Kupang regency, Indonesia. Biomass allocation was examined and allometric
equations were developed using tree height and DBH as variable for individual tree species
with DBH<20 cm and DBH>20 cm, respectively. Allometric equations were elaborated for leaf,
branch, stem, root biomass and overall tree biomass. Based on the results, leaf, branch, stem
and root accounted for 7 %, 16 %, 66 % and 11 % of overall tree biomass. The values of leaf,
branch, stem, root and total tree biomass (t) with DBH>20 cm was 0.033±0.016, 0.067±0.034,
0.289±0.082, 0.049±0.023 and 0.441±0.156, respectively. It was also found that the tree biomass
(t) with DBH<20 cm was 0.039±0.014. All allometric equation models of tree biomass have a high
quality-of-fit as shown by high constancy value (R2), which indicated significant linear relationships
between biomass and the predictors (DBH and tree height).

Evlogi Angelov, Gradimir Gruychev, and Stoyan Stoyanov*

Wildlife Management Dept., University of Forestry, 10 St. Kl. Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia,
Bulgaria, E-mails: evoangelov@gmail.com, stoyans@abv.bg*

Releasing of hand-reared game birds is a powerful tool to increase the population size of wild
birds and to lower hunting pressure on their natural populations. Survival and adaptation in the
wild of farm game birds is crucial for assessing game farming efficiency. Survival rate of 36 Grey
partridges released in the autumn from cages in the harsh environment of Mala Mountain uplands
(850 m a.s.l.) (Central Western Bulgaria) was estimated by applying radio-telemetry. The study
area was covered mainly by hay fields and pastures, while arable land was below 10 % of the
territory. The birds stayed within an area of 70 ha (100 % maximum convex polygon) with dispersion
below 770 m from releasing points. Very few birds dispersed in such long distances, while
most of them stayed close to the cages. After releasing partridges showed preferences to scrub
near hay fields. The highest mortality rates occurred in the first week when almost 80 % of birds
died, and only one bird probably survived more than two weeks. The main factor for mortality was
predation by Red fox (66.7 %). Synthesis and application: Grey partridge population size in harsh
environments could not be increased by releasing of farm birds using traditional methods. Still
the use of farm produced birds is reliable way for wild bird populations recovery, but the correct
methods and high-quality farm birds have to be used. Habitat quality also plays an important role
in the survival of released birds and their interactions with wild populations.

Atınç Pirti* and Ramazan Gürsel Hosbas

Department of Surveying Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus,
34210 Esenler Istanbul, Turkey. *E-mail: atinc@yildiz.edu.tr

Network Real-time kinematic mode survey technology shows really an efficient and fast improvement
within today’s technological developments. Permanent reference stations for Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have for a long time been used for positioning of rovers in
RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) mode. In this article, we examine the performance and use of Continuously
Operating Reference Station (CORS-Network RTK) as an extension of RTK technology-
based data acquisition systems near/under tree canopy. As a general rule, a clear view of the
sky is preferred when using RTK for determining location. Eight permanent reference stations
belonging to the ISKI (Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) in Istanbul, Turkey were
used for the test measurements. This paper presents the results of İSKİ (Istanbul Water and Sewerage
Administration) CORS satellite measurements made using Networked Transport of Radio
Technical Commission for Maritime Services via Internet Protocol (NTRIP) data transmission. As
a result of measurements taken at 17 measurement points in the obstructed and unobstructed
environments, the accuracies obtained at the points with numerous covers in the form of tree
branches and leaves ranged from several centimetres which is characteristic for GPS/GLONASS
measurements taken under conditions of limited availability of satellites.

Kameliya Petrova, Pavel Pavlov*, and Yordan Ivanov

University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria.
*E-mail: pavelppj@googlemail.com

The soil fertility of Acrisols on the territory of ‘Petrohan’ Training and Experimental Forest
Range was assessed by applying the National Classification System developed for soils in forest
territories, according to which the following 4 indicators were used – soil depth, org. C stock, total
N stock and available soil moisture. In accordance with it Acrisols were characterized from low
to moderately fertile. The growth of tree species was also assessed and it was determined as
very good for Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Betula pendula L. For Pinus
sylvestris L. and Carpinus betulus L. was established low growth. The good growth of tree stands
did not correspond to the soil fertility assessments. They were different regarding the different indicators.
It is assumed that the static examination of nutrient stock should be replaced by studies
on the balance of their use and recovery in soils through the biological nutrient cycling.