Hikmah*, Rahmat Ariandi, and Kurnia Haris

Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, Jl. Sultan Alauddin, 90221 Makassar, Indonesia. *E-mail: hikmah@unismuh.ac.id

Agroforestry systems in Social Forestry areas often face persistent challenges in achieving comprehensive sustainability, particularly in economic and socio-institutional dimensions. Despite their potential to enhance livelihoods and environmental resilience, limited studies have integrated multidimensional evaluations to identify the key leverage factors and policy priorities for sustainable agroforestry. This gap highlights the urgency of developing holistic strategies tailored to local institutional contexts. This study aims to formulate sustainable agroforestry strategies in Barru District, focusing on Social Forestry areas using the RAPFISH–AHP approach, and emphasising ecological, economic, and socio-institutional aspects. The sustainability assessment employed multidimensional scaling with the RAPFISH framework, complemented by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritise strategies derived from sensitive attributes identified through leverage analysis. The research involved 15 active members of the Mega Buana Forest Farmers Group in Pacekke Village through participatory observation and structured Likert-scale questionnaires. The results show that agroforestry in the study area is ‘less sustainable’ in economic (index 38.91) and socio-institutional (38.10) dimensions, and ‘moderately sustainable’ in the ecological dimension (47.56). The most sensitive factors influencing sustainability include the selling price of agricultural products, chemical fertiliser use, and the institutional role of Forest Farmer Groups. Based on AHP results, two key strategies were prioritised: (1) optimising local institutions and participatory technical assistance (67.4 %), and (2) developing downstream community-  based agroforestry business models (32.6 %). These strategies provide an integrated policy framework to strengthen institutional capacity, enhance adaptive governance, and promote environmentally responsible practices within Indonesia’s Social Forestry areas.

Received: 09 July 2025 / Accepted: 04 December 2025 / Available online: 10 December 2025

Open Access: This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Vasil Kolev

Department of Wildlife Management, University of Forestry, 10 St. K. Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: vassilie@abv.bg

This study provides the first quantitative estimates of key reproductive parameters for the endangered Mandra shemaya (Alburnus mandrensis Drensky, 1943) (IUCN Red List) from two tributaries, the Rusokastrenska and Sredetska rivers, of the Mandra Reservoir in Bulgaria. Samples were collected during four years, from 2020 to 2023. Of the 334 fish captured by angling, 184 were with developed gonads. The youngest mature individual was a three-year-old female (96 mm, 5.3 g). Absolute fecundity ranged widely from 190 to 75,565 eggs, with a mean of 8,859 eggs, and showed a strong positive correlation with fish standard length, gutted weight, and age. Fecundity increased until the ninth year, after which a decline was observed in the older (11- and 12-year-old) fish. The average relative fecundity was 351 eggs per gram of gutted weight. These results establish an important baseline for understanding the reproductive biology of this endemic species and are instrumental for its future conservation and management.

Received: 27 October 2025 / Accepted: 31 December 2025 / Available online: 09 January 2026

Open Access: This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.