Maryam Kazempour Larsary (1)*, Kambiz Taheri Abkenar (1), David Pothier (2),
Hassan Pourbabaei (1), and Farhad Fadaie Khoshkebijari (1)

1. Department of Forestry, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, Somehsara, Guilan,
P.O. Box 1144, Iran. *E-mail: kazempourmaryam@yahoo.com
2. Centre d'etude de la foret (CEF), and Departement des sciences du bois et de la foret, Pavillon
Abitibi-Price, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Universite Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.

Identification and assessment of quantitative characteristics of forest communities are the basic
components of forest planning. Modeling frequency distributions of tree parameters such as diameter
and height in various fields of forest sciences, including forest management, silviculture and forest
biometrics plays an important role. The objective of this study was to determine the best probability
distribution functions of tree diameter and height in each of three development stages (i.e., initial,
optimal, and decay) in an unmanaged, uneven-aged mixed beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest.
For this purpose, three sample plots of one hectare (100 m x 100 m), one in each of three development
stages, were selected in the Hyrcanean region of Iran. Diameter and height of all trees with a
diameter at breast height larger than 7.5 cm were measured. Beta, Johnson's SB, lognormal, gamma
and Weibull probability distribution functions were fitted to each diameter and height distribution.
The comparison of observed and predicted probabilities was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov,
Anderson-Darling and Chi-square tests. The goodness of fit of each distribution function varied among
development stages. The three-parameter lognormal, the three-parameter Weibull and the Johnson's
SB functions showed the highest goodness of fit for tree diameter distribution at the initial, optimal and
decay stages, respectively. For tree height distribution, the Johnson's SB was the best fitted function
for the optimal and decay stages, while none of these functions adequately explained the height distribution
of trees at the initial stage. Best fitted models can be used to characterize the diameter and
height distributions of similar stands and help achieve an optimal structure.

Veselin Shahanov

Department of Park and Landscape Design, University of Forestry, 10 St. Kliment Ohridski
Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: vshahanov@yahoo.com

Different kinds of compositions are used in landscape architecture practice, despite the fact
that composition types are not deeply theorized or defined precisely as composition styles. The
conception of styles concerned in landscape history and theory is a general issue. The current
paper aims to explore the geometrical construction types as a concept which gives to composition
specific and aesthetic qualities. The research methodology includes the following three
steps: several compositions have been analyzed and evaluated by different experts; a model for
typology has been made, and as a result a conception for typology has been created. Exemplary
compositions are explored through their drawings, plans or satellite images and are perceived as
abstract, plane, graphic images. In this way their aesthetic qualities are explored isolated. The
evaluation has been statistically checked. On the basis of comparative analysis of the best compositions,
criteria for creation of a type model have been suggested. As a combination between
the variables of the particular criteria certain types of compositions have been finally established.
Thus the geometrical patterns could be understand better and effectively use in the creation of
plan drawings.

Aneliya Dimitrova*, Kancho Kalmukov, Ilka Yonovska,
and Miroslav Mikov

Experimental Station for Fast-Growing Forest Species, 18 Nove str., Svishtov 5250, Bulgaria.
E-mails: elina04@abv.bg*, kkalmukov@abv.bg, iyonovska@mail.bg, mmikov2008@gmail.com

The study investigates the shoot regeneration ability of ten willow clones in an experimental
plantation planted in the same initial density scheme (2.0 x 0.30 m). They were planted in lots
with identical soil characteristics on the second terrace of the Danube River. The soil is Haplic
Kastanozem with alkalinity (pH) between 7 and 8 and underground water below 8 m. The climatic
conditions are typical for the continental climate of Northern Bulgaria. Development of new shoots
was recorded in three consecutive years - from the seventh to the ninth year of their growth. The
degree of preservation of the coppiced stumps, the number of shoots and their biometric data
(height, basal diameter, fresh and dry weight, as well as their health status (live or withered), were
recorded and compared. The results show that the shoot regeneration ability and the productivity
of the various clones depend on the climatic conditions and the age of the plants. This shows that
certain clones are more suitable for biomass production depending on the type of wood needed
and the specific soil and climatic conditions of the designated planting area.

Gradimir V. Gruychev* and Hristo G. Hristev

Department of Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment
Ochridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mails: gradi.val@gmail.com*; ico681@abv.bg

It was observed an appearance of antler in female Red deer (Cervus elaphus). The emergence
of right antler was established in early January 2015. At that very time it was at the length of
10 cm. The antler was covered with velvet and was not changed. The hind gave birth to a normally
developed female yearling in 2014. The hind was shot in November 2015, and then the antler
was 18 cm. The internal organs were normal and an embryo in the uterus was found formed.
Craniometrical measurements fell within the normal for Red deer. Probable cause of this case is
the occurrence of changes of hormone levels.