Alexander Abt (1)*, Klara Abt (2), Amadeus Bewer (3), Sebastian Höllerl (4), and Reinhard Mosandl (5)

1. Forst Baden-Württemberg Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts – State Forest of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Department of Silviculture, Im Schloss 5 – 72074 Tübingen-Bebenhausen, Germany. *E-mail: alexander.abt@forstbw.de
2. Institute of Silviculture at Technische Universität München, Großglocknerstraße 42 – 70327 Stuttgart, Germany. E-mail: klara.abt@tum.de
3. Landesbetrieb Wald und Holz Nordrhein-Westfalen. Zentrum für Wald und Holzwirtschaft, State Forest of Nordrhein-Westfalen, Department of Silviculture, Obereimer 2a – 59821 Arnsberg, Germany. E-mail: amadeus.bewer@wald-und-holz.nrw.de
4. Bayerische Staatsforsten Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts – State Forest of Bavaria, Department of silviculture, Tillystraße 2 – 93053 Regensburg, Germany. E-mail: sebastian.hoellerl@baysf.de
5. Institute of Silviculture at Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2 – 85354 Freising, Germany. E-mail: mosandl@forst.wzw.tum.de

Coppice with standards (CWS) has recently regained importance in forestry. This is due to increased demand for firewood, the high ecological value of CWS, its potential to produce highly valuable timber from oak and Noble Hardwoods and its potential to adapt forests to climate change. In silvicultural investigations of CWS in Franconia/Bavaria which began in 2007, three treatments were carried out in oak-dominated (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forests on two different sites. Local coppicing systems varied as to the amount of basal area maintained, canopy cover and volume hectare. Investigations of the maidens showed that pruning to a height of 6 m in 2007 failed to improve stem quality. Due to epicormic shoots, the pruned maidens had significantly shorter branch-free bole lengths five years after pruning. The level of regeneration was high (up to 220.000 plants∙ha-1), with a large oak component (up to 95 %). Generative regeneration dominated, with coppice shoots comprising a small share of the total of young plants (<23 %). Although oak dominated in numbers, shade-tolerant species like beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) gained more height. Thus, oak is expected to play a minor role in the next stand generation and mixture regulation is needed if oak is favored. The mean height of regeneration decreased with increasing canopy cover. Furthermore, the larger the diameter of the coppiced oak stump, the more coppice shoots were produced. These results can be used to modernize and adapt management options for CWS in times of climate change, and also can give some hints for the heavy crown thinnings that have become common today in the management of broadleaf, and particularly, of oak stands with elite trees.

Zheko Radev

Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria. E-mail: zhekoradev@abv.bg

The substance 1,3-Diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,4-dithione was tested in laboratory conditions for insecticidal activity against Diprion pini L. (Hymenoptera; Diprionidae) and Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera; Apidae). High mortality of 93.1 % was found against the larvae of D. pini with a concentration 0.01 %. The lifespan of the bees consumed food containing 0.01 % of the tested substance was up to 8 hour, with an average of 3.6 hour. The highest mortality was reported up to the 3rd hour, while the highest value was established at the 2nd hour. The bees fed on clean food lived up to 168 hour, an average of 120 hour. The highest mortality was reported at the 120th hour.

Zheko Radev (1)* and Tsvetanka Raycheva (2)

1. Tobacco and tobacco products institute, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria. *E-mail: zhekoradev@abv.bg
2. Agricultural University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria. E-mail: raicheva@abv.bg

Toxic tolerance study of 1,3-Diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,4-dithione of Apis mellifera L. was performed in a laboratory using pollen with different protein content. There is higher toxic tolerance when bees consumed pollen with higher protein content. The lifespan of bees after application of the substance varies from 6 h for those which consumed pollen from Chondrilla juncea L. with 12.3 % protein content to 36 h for those which consumed pollen from Cornus sanguinea L. with 27.7 % protein content. When bees consumed pollen with a protein content of more than 21 %, lived longer. It seems that bees which consumed pollen with a protein content of 14.2 % had a lower toxic tolerance.

Olga Nekrasova (1)*, Tatiana Radchenko (1), Elena Filimonova (1), Anton Uchaev (1), Maria Dergacheva (2), Tatiana Petrova(1), and Anna Betekhtina (1)

1. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics,
Ural Federal University, Mira 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia. *E-mail: o_nekr@mail.ru
2. Laboratory of Biogeocenology, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, SB RAS
Lavrentieva 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

Forest communities formed on a part of ash dumps during their existence can be taken into account when assessing forest lands. The aim of this study is to identify the features of forest communities and soils formed on a fly ash dump located in southern taiga. The structure of forest communities and physico-chemical characteristics of soils formed during spontaneous overgrowth of an ash dump of Sredneuralskaya Thermal Power Plant (TPP) were studied. Mixed forest phytocoenoses with a predominance of Populus tremula L. and Betula pendula Roth aged 45–50 years age have formed on the non recultivated area of the ash dump. They are close in composition to the zonal secondary forests, have less species richness and similar reserves of living aboveground phytomass. The soils formed on the ash dump have horizons with low thickness, in which pH has shifted towards the neutral, and organic matter and basic nutrients have accumulated. Technosol humus horizons in terms of the main biogenic element content (C, N, Ca, Mg, K, P) are close to that of the background soil or even contain them in larger quantities. The formation of forest communities and soils on the ash dump is proceeding according to the zonal type. Studying forest phytocoenosis forming on the ashes with different properties and a varied combination of natural conditions will make it possible to establish patterns in the formationof forest communities on technogenic substrates and influence their speed.

Elena Filimonova, Margarita Glazyrina, Natalia Lukina, Maria Maleva*, Galina Borisova, and Nadezhda Chukina

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg. Russia. *E-mail: maria.maleva@mail.ru

The study of the distribution, morphological and population characteristics of orchids and their responses to the technogenic and natural factors have a great importance for the development of measures for the protection of rare and endangered plant species. The preservation of rare species of the Orchidaceae family is of particular importance in the Urals, Russia, given the high level of industrialization in this area. One of these species is Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw., which is protected in many countries, including Russia. The aim of this research was to study the demographic structure and morphological features of M. monophyllos populations in the anthropogenically disturbed habitats, as well as in the natural forest community of the Middle Urals, Russia. It was shown that M. monophyllos settles in a sparse herbaceous layer of forest phytocoenoses dominated by early succession species, such as Pinus sylvestris L., Populus tremula L. and Betula pendula Roth. In anthropogenic habitats, M. monophyllos is able to form local populations with higher abundance and density than in the natural forest community with predominance of individuals in the generative state. It was revealed that M. monophyllos colonizing technogenic substrates corresponded to orchids from the natural forest community with respect to the most biometric parameters. At the same time, they were characterized by reduced fruit formation per plant (2.6 time on average), as well as the percentage of fruit set (2.7 times on average) compared with the plants from natural community, possibly due to unfavourable conditions of technogenic habitats, including putative M. monophyllos pollinators. Suitable humidity conditions and low competition in the man-made habitats favour the growth of M. monophyllos. However, the population persistence time in disturbed habitats will depend on the further succession processes and anthropogenic activities.