Dimitar Georgiev and Dimitar Peev*

Department Technologies and mechanization in forestry, University of Forestry, Sofia 1797, 10
Kliment Ochridski Blvd., Bulgaria. E-mails: dimitarg@hotmail.com, dimitar_peev@ltu.bg*

In this article a study is described for determining the impact of the chipper power and the size
of materials on the productivity of different chippers. Machines with various engine powers have
been used in the range of 21 to 70 kW, being equipped with disc or drum chipping mechanism
propelled by either self-engine or PTO. The experiments have been carried out with fresh, scots
pine small-size wood, grouped into nine groups of materials. The results indicate that the greatest
impact on the productivity of the chipping machines has their power, then is the diameter of the
materials and least is the influence is the length of the materials.

Anton Potapenko (1), Nikolay Bulko (1), Alexander Kozlov (1), Pavel Mohnachev (2),
Nadezda Kuzmina (2), Konstantin Zavyalov (2), and Sezgin Ayan (3)*

1. Institute of Forest of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 246001, Gomel, Republic
of Belarus.
2. Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of Russian
Academy of Sciences 620134, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
3. Kastamonu University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, Kastamonu, Turkey.
*E-mail: sezginayan@gmail.com

The high radiosensitivity of woody plants and the large forest areas polluted by Chernobyl fallout
demand assessment of radiation effect on the forest ecosystems components. This research
aims to study the state of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands located in the far and near areas
contaminated by Chernobyl fallout, and to assess the current dose loads on the structural elements
of the trees 30 years after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) accident. The study
was conducted in radioactively contaminated Scots pine stands, which are the near and far areas,
in the Chernobyl fallout areas. The experimental plots were established during the period from
1991 to 2006 inside Scots pine stands from the II–IV age classes. The retrospective assessment
of dose loads of the Scots pine was conducted according to the data obtained on 13 experimental
plots located in the far area of the Chernobyl fallout through the software RESRAD-BIOTA 1.5
(11/18/2009). The condition of pine stands in the near areas has significantly worsened since the
accident, compared to their condition before the accident. The changes in the state of the pine
stands after the accident were characterized by their strong weakening. Ambiguous trends were
also observed in the stability of stands depending on the type of forest and land relief. In 1986,
the radionuclide 134Cs accounted for 25 % of the total amount of soil pollution by mixture (134Сs +
137Сs) in pine stands. However, in 1995, this amount decreased to 2.5 %. The state of the Scots
pine stands after the accident were characterized by their strong weakening.

Susni Herwanti (1)*, Indra Gumay Febryano (1), and Dini Zulfiani (2)

1. Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Jl Soemantri
Brodjonegoro, Gedung Meneng, Bandar Lampung, 35145, Lampung, Indonesia.
*E-mail: sh4nt@yahoo.com
2. Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University
of Mulawarman. Jl. Muara Muntai, Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75114,
East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

The cultivation of community forestry (Hutan Kemasyarakatan/HKm) land by planting some
crops had increased its economic value. Therefore, this study aims to identify the types of food
crop products and analyze the economic value of HKm food products. The data was obtained
through in-depth interviews and field observations. Data analysis was done by qualitative and
quantitative methods. The results showed that the products utilized in HKm consist of 28 species
dominated by coffee products. These products are mixed from agricultural crops, plantations,
and forestry planted in agroforestry on HKm land with coffee plants as the main crop. Other food
products that are also found in HKm are chili, pepper, spring onions, cocoa, cloves, avocado and
so on. Crops products other than coffee are planted spread among coffee plants with an average
number of coffee plants of 2000 to 2500 stems per ha. The economic value of HKm food products
reached 5 billion Rp. with the highest economic value being the coffee product as the main plant
(60 %). The highest economic benefit of HKm land occurs in August while the economic benefits
are low enough in December, January, February, March, and April. Farmers need to diversify food
products and take into account the harvest period in order to obtain the optimum benefits from
HKm land at all times. Therefore, farmers are advised to plant commercial crops such as bananas,
papaya, eggplant, chayote, tomatoes, spring onions, avocados, jackfruit, sugar palm, pepper,
ginger and chili with an agroforestry system because these species have high economic value
and are able to provide sustainable economic and ecological benefits, while for coffee, cacao and
cloves, although the economic value is high, it is not recommended to develop on HKm land because
it is related to the policy which only allows maintaining coffee and cocoa plants in the forest.
In this regard, the Government’s support is very much needed related to HKm’s policy based on
the economic value in order to reconcile the interests of the community and forest sustainability.

Vladimir Tomov

Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Ecology and Landscape Architecture,
University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria.
E-mail: Vladimirtomov@ltu.bg

The aim of the research was assessment of the vegetation in park Zaimov, situated in the
central part of Sofia. The used methods represent a new approach for more profound assessment
of urban green spaces vegetation in Bulgaria, in more than one aspect. Therefore, those methods
could be a subject of improvement and development in future studies. All woody vegetation
of the park was taxonomically identified and mapped. Forty-four tree species from 27 genera
were registered in the park. The individuals count 1156 trees with calculated relative effective
volume (REV) of 79,511.45 m3. This volume decreases 10 times during winter, which makes the
park vegetation inefficient during this period. The vegetation is in good condition except trees at
the south border of the park. Models of the tree crowns of four common species, well presented
in the park, were made. The aesthetic values of the presented species give well-balanced and
enough in quantity ornamental accents to the park environment in the different times of the year.
The valuable old vegetation should be preserved in future reconstructions and better care should
be provided to the new planted one. A strong suggestion for building a denser hedge barrier of
evergreen vegetation across the south border or the park was made.

Orest Furdychko (1), Mykola Shershun (1), Oleksii Shkuratov (1)*,
Oksana Drebot (1) and Oleh Yaremko (2)

1. Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of the National Academy
of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 12 Metrological Str., Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine.
E-mails: agroecologynaan@gmail.com; shershun_mh@ukr.net; shkuratov_ai@ukr.net*;
drebot_oksana@ukr.net
2. Ternopil Oblast Department of Forestry and Hunting, 5a Bagataya Str., Ternopil, 46008,
Ukraine. E-mail: terlists@ukrpost.ua

Determined that in connection with decentralization in the sphere of forest in Ukraine, the
state forest management authority needs to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of
the powers delegated to the regions. The results of the study of regulatory framework and practice
of assessing the effectiveness of forest resources use in the context of various management
entities led to the conclusion that there is no single approach to both assessing and determining
criteria and indicators of forestry management effectiveness. In this regard, the article presents
a methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of sustainable forest management,
which involves the application of a set of evaluation criteria and indicators, unlike existing ones,
characterizing the combination of forest, forest exploitation, forest protection and reforestation
processes in the forest management system. The choice of the system of assessment indicators
for sustainable forest management in Ukraine was carried out taking into account the accumulated
national experience and pan-European criteria and indicators of sustainable forest
management. The key principle of the proposed approach is elimination of the difference in the
dimensions of reduced parameters by normalization, that is, their translation into a dimensionless
form. Application of this approach allows to determine the level of use of productive, ecosystem,
protective and socio-economic functions of forest ecosystems, and to identify problem aspects of
forest management, depending on the elements of forestry activities.